Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Table of contents

Table of Contents for Print Version

Chapter 1 Chemicals
Page Number

14 Objectives

14 Elements and atoms

15 Compounds and molecules

16 Chemical reactions

16 Ionisation

16 Organic and inorganic compounds

17 Carbohydrates

18 Fats

19 Proteins

20 Summary

21 Test Yourself

21 Websites

22 Answers

Chapter 2 Classification
23 Objectives

24  Naming and classifying animals

24  Naming animals

24  Classification of living organisms

25  The animal kingdom

26  The classification of vertebrates

27  Summary

28  Test yourself

28  Websites

29  Answers

Chapter 3 The Cell
30  Objectives

30  The cell

32  The plasma membrane

32  How substances move across the plasma membrane

32  The cytoplasm

32  Diffusion

33  Osmosis

35 Active transport

37  Golgi apparatus

38  Lysosomes

38  Microfilaments and microtubules

38  The nucleus

38  Chromosomes

39  Cell division

40   Summary

41  Test yourself

42  Websites

43  Answers

Chapter 4 Body Organisation
44  Objectives

44  The organisation of animal bodies

45  Epithelial tissues

47  Connective tissues

49  Muscle tissues

50  Nervous tissues

50  Vertebrate bodies

50  Body cavities

51  Organs

51  Generalised plan of the mammalian body

52  Body systems

53  Homeostasis

53  Directional terms

54  Summary

55  Test yourself

56  Websites

57  Answers

Chapter 5 The Skin
58  Objectives

59 The skin

60  Skin structures made of keratin

60  laws and nails

60  Horns and antlers

61  Hair

62  Feathers

63 Skin glands

64  The skin and sun

64  The skin and temperature regulation

66  Summary

66  Test yourself

67  Websites

67  Answers

Chapter 6 The Skeleton
69  Objectives

70 The vertebral column

71  The skull

71  The ribs

72  The forelimb

73  The hindlimb

74  The girdles

74  Categories of bones

74  Bird skeletons

75  The structure of long bones

76  Compact bone

77  Spongy bone

77  Bone growth

77  Broken bones

78  Joints

78  Common names of joints

79  Locomotion

79  Summary

80  Test yourself

81  Websites

82  Answers

Chapter 7 Muscles
83  Objectives

83 Muscles

83  Smooth muscle

84  Cardiac muscle

84  Skeletal muscle

84  Structure of a muscle

85  Summary

85  Test yourself

86  Websites

87 Answers

Chapter 8 Cardiovascular System
Blood

89  Objectives

89  Plasma

90  Red blood cells

91  White blood cells

92  Platelets

92  Transport of oxygen

92  Carbon monoxide poisoning

92  Transport of carbon dioxide

92  Transport of other substances

93  Blood clotting

93 Serum and plasma

93  Anticoagulants

93  Haemolysis

94  Blood groups

94  Blood volume

94  Summary

95  Test Yourself

95 Websites

96  Answers

The Heart 96 Objectives

97  The heart

97  Valves

98  The heartbeat

98  Cardiac muscle

99  Control of the heartbeat

99  The coronary vessels

Blood circulation

Objectives

102  Blood circulation

103  Arteries

103 The pulse

103  Capillaries

104  The formation of tissue fluid and lymph

104  Veins

105  Regulation of blood flow

105  Oedema and fluid loss

105  The spleen

106  Important blood vessels

106  Blood pressure

107  Summary

107  Test yourself

108  Websites

108  Answers

Chapter 9 Respiratory System
109 Objectives

109  Respiratory system

110  Diffusion and transportation of oxygen

111  Diffusion and transportation of carbon dioxide

111  The air passages

111  The lungs and pleural cavities

112  Collapsed lung

112  Breathing 112  Inspiration

112  Expiration

113  Lung volumes

113  Composition of air

113  The acidity of the blood and breathing

114  Breathing in birds

114  Summary

114  Test yourself

115  Websites

116  Answers

Chapter 10 Lymphatic System
117  Objectives

117  Lymph and the lymphatic system

119  Other organs of the lymphatic system

119  Summary

120  Test yourself

121  Websites

121 Answers

Chapter 11 The Gut and Digestion
122  Objectives

122  The gut and digestion

122  Herbivores

122  Carnivores

122 mnivores

122  Treatment of food

124  The gut

125  Mouth

125  Teeth

126  Types of teeth

126  Dental formula

127  Oesophagus

128  Stomach

128  Small intestine

129  The rumen

129  Large intestine

130  Functional caecum

130 Gut of birds

131  Digestion

131  The liver

133  Summary

134 Test yourself

134  Websites

135 Answers

Chapter 12 Urinary system
137  Objectives

137  Haemostasis

138  Water in the body

138  Maintaining water balance

139  Excretion

139  The kidneys and urinary system

140  Kidney tubules or nephrons

140  Processes occurring in the nephron

141  The production of concentrated urine

142  Diabetes and the kidney

143  Other functions of the kidney

143  Normal urine

143 Abnormal ingredients of urine

144  Excretion in birds

144  Summary

144 Test yourself

146 Websites

146 Answers

Chapter 13 Reproductive System
148 Objectives

148  Reproductive system

149  Fertilisation

149  Sexual reproduction mammals

149  The male reproductive organs

150  The testes

151  Semen

151  Accessory glands

151  The penis

151  Sperm

152  The female reproductive organs

153  Ovaries

153  The ovarian cycle

153  The ovum

154  The oestrous cycle

154  Signs of oestrous or heat

155  Breeding seasons or breeding cycles

155  Fertilisation

156  Development of the morula and blastocyst

156  Implantation

156  Pregnancy

157  Hormones during pregnancy

157  Pregnancy testing

157  Gestation period

158  Signs of imminent birth

158  Labour

158  Adaptations of the foetus

158  Milk production

159  Summary

160  Test Yourself

161 Websites

162  Answers

Chapter 14 Nervous System
164  Objectives

165  Coordination

165  The nervous system

165 The neuron

166  Connections between neurons

167  Reflexes

167  Conditioned reflexes

167  Parts of the nervous system

168  The central nervous system

168  The brain

169  The forebrain

170  The cerebellum

170  The spinal cord

170  The peripheral nervous system

171  Spinal nerves

171  The autonomic nervous system

172  Summary

173  Test Yourself

174 Websites

174  Answers

Chapter 15 The Senses
176  Objectives

176  The sense organs

177  Touch and pressure

177  Pain

177  Temperature

177  Awareness of limb position

177  Smell

178  Taste

178  Sight

179  The structure of the eye

180 How the eye sees

181  Colour vision in animals

181  Binocular vision

182  Hearing

183  How the ear hears

183  Balance

184  Summary

185 Test Yourself

185 Websites

186 Answers

Chapter 16 Endocrine System
188  Objectives

188  The endocrine system

189  Endocrine organs and hormones

189  The pituitary gland and hypothalamus

190  The pineal gland 190  The thyroid gland

191 The parathyroid gland

191 The adrenal gland

192 The pancreas

192  The ovaries

192  The testes

192  Summary

194 Test Yourself

194  Websites

194  Answers

Homeostasis and Feedback Control

194  Summary of homeostatic mechanisms

194  Temperature control

194  Water balance

195  Maintenance of blood volume after blood loss

196  Acid/base balance

197  Summary