Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Navigation

2. Know at least 20 nautical terms used in navigation.
An Alternate List:
 * 1) Waterway - A navigable body of water, such as a river, channel, or canal.
 * 2) Bay - A body of water partially enclosed by land but with a wide mouth, affording access to the sea.
 * 3) Channel - The deeper part of a river or harbor, especially a deep navigable passage.
 * 4) Harbor - A sheltered part of a body of water deep enough to provide anchorage for ships.
 * 5) Knot - A unit of speed, one nautical mile per hour, approximately 1.85 kilometers (1.15 statute miles) per hour.
 * 6) Sounding - A measured depth of water.
 * 7) Fathom - A unit of length equal to 6 feet (1.83 meters), used principally in the measurement and specification of marine depths.
 * 8) Buoy - A float moored in water to mark a location, warn of danger, or indicate a navigational channel.
 * 9) Beacon - A signaling or guiding device, such as a lighthouse, located on a coast.
 * 10) Longitude - Distance on the earth's surface, measured east or west from the prime meridian at Greenwich, England, to the meridian passing through a position, expressed in degrees (or hours), minutes, and seconds.
 * 11) Latitude - The distance north or south of the earth's equator, measured in degrees along a meridian, as on a map or globe.
 * 12) Heading - The course or direction in which a ship or aircraft is moving.
 * 13) Waypoint - A point between major points on a route, as along a track.
 * 14) Port - The direction to the left when facing the bow of the boat.
 * 15) Starboard - The direction to the right when facing the bow of the boat.
 * 16) Bow - The front section of a ship or boat.
 * 17) Stern - The rear section of a ship or boat.
 * 18) Hull - The main frame or body of a ship.
 * 19) Keel - The backbone of a ship that runs the length of the underside of the hull.
 * 20) Draught - The depth of a loaded vessel in the water, taken from the level of the waterline to the lowest point of the hull.
 * a.	Aboard: on board, or being present on a boat.
 * b.	Aft of after: toward or near the rear of a boat.
 * c.	Amidships: halfway between the front and rear of a boat.
 * d.	Astern: behind the boat or backwards.
 * e.	Binnacle: protective box for a compass.
 * f.	Bollards: short, heavy posts on a pier for securing boats.
 * g.	Cuddy: small space under the foredeck for storage.
 * h.	Galley: marine name for kitchen.
 * i.	Hatch: an opening through the deck through an area below.
 * j.	Heave: marine name for throw.
 * k.	Helmsman: pilot of the boat, the person who steers.
 * l.	Hull: the main body of the boat.
 * m.	Keel: the backbone of the boat that extends from bow to stern.
 * n.	Knot: a measure of marine speed or a nautical mile.
 * o.	Leeward: the direction the wind is blowing.
 * p.	Port: left side of a boat when looking toward the bow.
 * q.	Starboard: the right side of a boat when looking toward the bow.
 * r.	Stern: back end of the boat.
 * s.	Swab: marine name for a mop.
 * t.	Underway: when a boat is moving through the water.

3. Name at least three aids to navigation and their functions. By whom are these maintained?
An aid to navigation is any device external to a craft that is designed to assist in determining the location of the craft, a safe course for the craft, or to warn of dangers. Most aids to navigation are established and maintained by the government. In the U.S., this is done by the Coast Guards.
 * a.	Lighthouse: are located along the seacoast and at important harbor entrances. They operate automatically without a full-time lighthouse keeper.
 * b.	Beacon: miniature, unmanned, lighthouses that are placed along banks and ledges to mark isolated dangers. Horns and mechanical bells are sometimes used in beacons during times when visibility is low.
 * c.	Buoys: floating navigational aids that are divided into 3 categories- unlighted, sound, and lighted.
 * d.	Radio beacons: by use of radio signals, this system is designed to meet at least 3 objectives: to give a nearly continuous 2 position line capability to a distance offshore of at least 50 miles: to give working ranges up to 160 miles at certain key locations for approaching from far offshore and to provide continuous, low-powered guidance for inshore navigation.

Buoys used to mark the edges of channels

 * a.	Nun buoys: painted red with even numbers.
 * b.	Can buoys: painted black with odd numbers.
 * c.	Spar buoys: are painted red with even numbers and black with odd numbers. When entering a harbor, keep red buoys to starboard, and black buoys to port.

Buoys used to mark obstructions, anchorage, fishing nets, and fairways

 * a.	Mid-channel buoys: have a white light and have white and black vertical stripes. They show the direction to the harbor.
 * b.	Fairway buoys: may be of any shape. They are painted black and white vertical stripes. These buoys mark the center of a channel or fairway and should be passed close aboard on either hand.
 * c.	Anchorage buoys: are always white and mark where an anchorage may be made.

5. Box a compass with eight cardinal points. Why is it so important in navigation? Where is it mounted in the vessel, and why?
To box a compass is to know the four directions and the named divisions. For the eight cardinal points you need to know the following; North, North-West, West, South-West, South, South-East, East, and North-East. There are more divisions than these eight, but these are the basic divisions. The compass is used along with a geometry compass, dividers, parallel rules, a straightedge, and a protractor to find the boat’s position on charts. When the sky is overcast and there is no land in sight, it is very easy to get disoriented. The compass will keep you on course and help you find your way back to port. Compasses are meant to be mounted on bulkheads, atop consoles, gimbals, or brackets. Some are flushed and mounted. Flush mounts are better because they transmit less vibration than a bracket-mount compass. The compass should have a guard to protect it from damage and a hood to eliminate sun glare.

6. Name four of the most useful knots in seamanship. Know how to tie them and give their principal uses.
==7. Familiarize yourself with reading and interpreting a "chart." Why is a chart so invaluable in unknown waters? Give some of the things a chart shows. Give the symbols used on a chart, or two of the most used buoys. ==

8. When you are taking an active part in navigation, what are three of the best safety rules to follow?

 * 1) Stay alert to nearby vessels, hazards and changing weather conditions. Refrain from substances or practices that could impair judgment or alertness (e.g. alcohol, lack of sleep).
 * 2) Travel at safe and appropriate speeds.
 * 3) Follow the "rules of the road."