AP Biology/Vocabulary

Chapter 1
Introduction: Themes in The Study of Life

No vocabulary for this chapter.

Chapter 2
The Chemical Context of Life
 * Matter: Substance that has mass and occupies space
 * Element: Any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter.
 * Compound: A substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight.
 * Trace Elements: Elements essential for growth, but required only in minute amounts.
 * Atom: The smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element.
 * Neutrons: A subatomic particle with no net charge. Neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom.
 * Protons: Positive charge of an atom located in the nucleus.
 * Electrons: Negatively charged sub-atomic particles that orbit the atomic nucleus. The mass of electrons in orbit (of an atom) forms the electron shell or electron cloud of the atom.
 * Atomic Nucleus: The positively charged "core" of an atom, which contains protons and neutrons.
 * Dalton:
 * Atomic Number: Number indicating the number of protons in any given atom of an element. Each element has a unique atomic number.
 * Mass Number: Sum of the protons and neutrons in any given atom of an element.
 * Atomic Weight:
 * Isotopes: Variations of an element with the same atomic number but different numbers of neutrons.
 * Radioactive Isotopes:
 * Energy: The ability to do work, or the work required to start or carry out a reaction or process.
 * Potential Energy: The possibility (potential) of an object or substance to do work.
 * Energy Levels:The energy characteristic of a stationary state of a physical system, especially a quantum mechanical system.
 * Electron Shells:
 * Orbital:
 * Valence Electrons:An electron in an outer shell of an atom that can participate in forming chemical bonds with other atoms.
 * Valence shell:
 * Chemical bonds: Special linkages between two or more molecules or compounds.
 * Covalent Bond: Chemical bonding in which two atoms "share" one or more electrons.
 * Molecule:
 * Structural Formula:
 * Molecular Formula:
 * Double Covalent Bond:
 * Valence:
 * Nonpolar bond:
 * Polar Covalent Bond:
 * Electronegativity:
 * Nonpolar Covalent Bond:
 * Polar Covalent Bond:
 * Ion: A charged particle.
 * Cation:a positively charged ion. Happens due to the loss of electrons.
 * Anion:a negatively charged ion. Happens due to te gain of electrons.
 * Ionic Bond:A Chemical bond formed between a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion.
 * Hydrogen Bond: Chemical bonding in which two molecules are linked together by one or more hydrogen atoms.
 * Van Der Waals Interactions:
 * Chemical Reactions:
 * Reactants: Substances that interact with one another or with an external source in a reaction.
 * Products: Substances produced from the interactions stated above in a reaction.
 * Chemical Equilibrium: State in which the quantity of reactants is equivalent to the quantity of products. Example: H2 + O2 --> H2O

Chapter 3
Water and The Fitness of The Environment


 * Polar Molecules:
 * Cohesion:
 * Adhesion:
 * Surface Tension:
 * Kinetic Energy:
 * Heat:
 * Temperature: The measure of heat in a substance.
 * Celsius Scale:
 * Calorie (cal):
 * Kilocalorie (kcal):
 * Joule (J):
 * Specific Heat:
 * Heat of Vaporization:
 * Evaporative Cooling:
 * Solution:
 * Solvent: Substance in which the solute (below) is dissolved.
 * Solute: Substance that dissolves or will dissolve in a solution.
 * Aqueous Solution:
 * Hydrophilic:
 * Hydrophobic:
 * Mole (mol):
 * Molecular Weight:
 * Molarity:
 * Hydrogen Ion:
 * Hydroxide ion (OH-):
 * Acid:
 * Base:
 * pH Scale:
 * Buffers:
 * Acid Precipitation:

Chapter 4
Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life


 * Organic Chemistry: The study of substances which have carbon-hydrogen bonds.
 * Hydrocarbons:
 * Isomers:
 * Structural Isomers:
 * Geometic Isomers:
 * Enantiomers:
 * Functional Groups:
 * Hydroxyl Group:
 * Alcohols:
 * Carbonyl Group:
 * Aldehyde:
 * Ketone:
 * Carboxyl Group:
 * Carboxylic Acids:
 * Amino group:
 * Amines:
 * Sulfhydryl Group:
 * Thiols:
 * Phosphate Groups:

Chapter 5
The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
 * Macromolecule:
 * Polymer:
 * Monomers:
 * Condensation Reaction:
 * Dehydration Reaction:
 * Hydrolysis:
 * Carbohydrates:
 * Monosaccharides:
 * Disaccharide:
 * Glycosidic Linkage:A covalent bond between two glycogin molecules.
 * Starch:
 * Glycogen:
 * Cellulose:
 * Chitin:
 * Lipids:A combination of a glyceral and 3 fatty acids. Hydrophobic.
 * Fat:
 * Fatty Acid:
 * Triacylglycerol:
 * Saturated Fatty Acid:
 * Unsaturated Fatty Acid:
 * Phospholipids:
 * Steroids:
 * Cholesterol:
 * Proteins:
 * Conformation:
 * Polypeptides:
 * Amino Acids:
 * Peptide Bond:
 * Primary Structure:
 * Secondary Structure:
 * Alpha Helix:
 * Pleated Sheet:
 * Tertiary Structure:
 * Hydrophobic Interaction:
 * Disulfide Bridges:
 * Quaternary Structure:
 * Denaturation:
 * Chaperone Proteins:
 * Gene:
 * Nucleic Acids:
 * Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA):
 * Ribonucleic Acid (RNA):
 * Nucleotides:
 * Pyridmidine:
 * Purines:
 * Ribose:
 * Deoxyribose:
 * Polynucleotide:
 * Double Helix:

Chapter 6
An Introduction to Metabolism
 * Metabolism:
 * Catabolic Pathways:
 * Anabolic Pathways:
 * Bioenergetics:
 * Kinetic Energy:
 * potential Energy:
 * Thermodynamics:
 * First Law of Thermodynamics:
 * Second Law of Thermodynamics:
 * Gibbs Free Energy:
 * Exergonic Reaction:
 * Endergonic Reaction:
 * Metabolic Disequilibrium:
 * Energy Coupling:
 * ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate):
 * Phosphorylated Intermediate:
 * Enzymes:
 * Catalyst:
 * Activation Energy (energy of activation):
 * Substrate:
 * Active Site:
 * Induced Fit:
 * Cofactors:
 * Coenzymes:
 * Competitive Inhibitors:
 * Noncompetitive Inhibitors:
 * Allosteric Site:
 * Feedback Inhibition:
 * Cooperativity:

Chapter 7
A Tour of the Cell
 * Light Microscopes (LMs):
 * Resolving power:
 * Organelles:
 * Electron Microscope(EM):
 * Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM):
 * Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM):
 * Cell Fraction:
 * Ultracentrifuges:
 * Prokaryotic Cell:
 * Nucleoid:
 * Cytoplasm:
 * Cytosol:
 * Plasma Membrane:
 * Nucleus:
 * Nuclear lamina:
 * Chromatin:
 * Chromosomes:
 * Nucleolus:
 * Ribosomes:
 * Endomembrane System:
 * Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
 * Smooth ER:
 * Rough ER:
 * Glycoproteins:
 * Transport Vesicles:
 * Golgi Apparatus:
 * Lysosome:
 * Phagocytosis:
 * Food Vacuoles:
 * Contractile Vacuoles:
 * Central Vacuoles:
 * Tonoplast:
 * Mitochondria:
 * Chloroplasts:
 * Cristae:
 * Mitochondrial Matrix:
 * Plastids:
 * Thylakoids:
 * Grana:
 * Stroma:
 * Peroxisome:
 * Cytoskeleton:
 * Microtubules:
 * Microfilaments:
 * Intermediate Filaments:
 * Centrosomes and Centrioles:
 * Centrosome:
 * Centrioles:
 * Cilia:
 * Flagella:
 * Basal Body:
 * Dynein:
 * Actin:
 * Myosin:
 * Pseudopodia:
 * Cytoplasmic Streaming:
 * Primary Cell Wall:
 * Middle Lamella:
 * Secondary Cell Wall:
 * Extracellular Matrix (ECM):
 * Collagen:
 * Proteoglycans:
 * Fibronectins:
 * Integrins:
 * Plasmodesmata:
 * Plasmodesma:
 * Tight Junctions:
 * Desmosomes:
 * Gap Junctions: