8th Grade Science/Section 1: How Science Works

=As You Read=
 * Explain the science of archaeology.
 * Compare and contrast science and technology.
 * Vocabulary: science, technology
 * Note: All names used in this page represent fictional people.

=Groundbreaking News= It was Friday morning, and the students in Ms. Garcia’s science lab were waiting eagerly for class to start. Unlike most days in science class at York Middle School, this meeting would be a field trip to the north end of the school. Students were eager to observe work that would result in the long-awaited, new gymnasium. The students in group 4 - Ben, Emily, Maria, and Juan - peered out the windows. They saw construction equipment, including bulldozers and trucks, pull up to the school. With pencils and notebooks in hand, the interested students hiked out to the site. They watched as massive shovels moved hundreds of kilograms of dirt from one spot to another.

Buried treasure?
All of a sudden, the power-shovel operator stopped the giant scoop in midair. He looked curiously into the hole he was making, and then he climbed from his seat high above the ground. He called some of the other workers over. They all stared into the pit. One of the workers motioned for Ms. Garcia and her students to come a little closer. Everyone was surprised at what they saw. A piece of broken pottery was sticking out from the loosened soil.

Science in Action
One worker suggested that the pottery might be only one of thousands of pieces of trash that were buried long before the school was built. He thought that the pottery could perhaps be an ancient piece of art. Nonetheless, a decision was made to stop the excavation, at least for the moment.

Back in the classroom, the students talked excitedly about the find. This, they all agreed, was real science. Science, they knew, is the process of trying to understand the world.

Calling in the Experts
Although the discovery was exciting, Ms. Garcia reminded the students that the piece of pottery might be something that was thrown out only decades ago. To be sure, however, the school’s principal called an archaeologist at the local college. An archaeologist is a scientist who studies the cultural remains of ancient humans. Cultural remains, known as artifacts, might be tools, weapons, rock drawings, buildings, or pottery, such as that found at the school. Dr. Lum, the students were told, would be at the school on Monday to examine the pottery.

Ms. Garcia suggested that her students research more about the history of their area. This would help the students evaluate how this pottery might have originated from ancient cultures that once lived in the area. Ben and the others in his group quickly began their research. Maria thought that it would be a good idea to take notes on their findings. That way, they could compare what they found with what Dr. Lum told them on Monday. The others in the group agreed and put their science notebooks into their backpacks before heading to the library.

=Researching the Past= At the library, Juan used an encyclopedia to begin his research. He found out that archaeology is a branch of science that studies the tools and other cultural remains of humans. There are two major branches of archaeology. One focuses on groups of people who lived before history was written. The other studies civilizations that developed since people began writing things down. To his surprise, Juan also discovered that archaeology covers a time span of more than 3 million years. About 3.5 million years ago, he read, the first ancestors of humans are thought to have appeared on Earth.

The other students took turns finding out about the history of their area. Ben found that many scientists hypothesize that the first people came to North America from Asia about 12,000 years ago. Over thousands of years, these people migrated to different parts of the country. Emily and Maria discovered that the area around their city was settled about 2,000 years ago. After locating a few more sources of information, the students took notes on all the information they had gathered. Emily suggested that they also write any questions they had about the pottery or the science of archaeology. Juan, Ben, and Maria agreed, and each wrote a few questions. The group left the library eager to hear how its findings would compare with what Dr. Lum would tell them on Monday.

Dr. Lum's Visit
Dr. Lum arrived a few minutes before nine o’clock. When the bell rang, Emily’s hand shot up. She was hoping to be the first to ask the scientist about the pottery. However, before calling on her, Dr. Lum said she wanted to give the students a little background information and then she would answer their questions.

Dr. Lum began by explaining how important it is to preserve prehistoric sites and remains for present and future generations. She also said that many archaeological sites, like the possible one on the school grounds, are found by accident. More scientific work would have to be done before construction on the site could continue.

Technology
Several kinds of technology would be used to study the area, such as computers and cameras. Technology is the use of knowledge gained through science to make new products or tools people can use. Dr. Lum told the students that a radar survey would be conducted to help study the find at the school. This type of technology, Dr. Lum explained, helps scientists “see” what’s beneath the ground without disturbing the site. Experts from other fields of science probably would be called upon to help evaluate the site. For instance, geologists, scientists who study Earth processes, might be contacted to help with soil studies.

Working Together
Dr. Lum ended her talk by suggesting that the students go back to the site with her. There, she would examine what had been found. She also would try to answer any questions the students might have about the find.

Maria and Emily led the group of curious students toward the north end of the school yard. Dr. Lum used her hand lens to observe the piece of pottery carefully. After examining the piece for awhile, she announced that she was sure the pottery was old and that an archaeological dig, or excavation of the site, was in order. The students asked if they could participate in the dig. Dr. Lum said she would welcome all the help they could give.

=Digging In= Weeks passed before the radar surveys were complete. The students in Ms. Garcia’s class spent most of their time learning about how an archaeological excavation is done. Maria reported to the class that the holes and ditches that were being dug around the site would help determine its size. She also added that it was important that the site be disturbed as little as possible. By keeping the site intact, much of its history could be retold.

Finally, the day came when the students could participate in the dig. Each was given a small hand shovel, a soft paintbrush, and a pair of gardening gloves. Each student was paired with an amateur archaeologist. All of those involved were instructed to work slowly and carefully to excavate this important piece of their city’s past.

Clues to the Past
Many pieces of pottery, along with some tools, were found at the school site. Before the artifacts were removed from the soil, college students working with Dr. Lum took pictures or made drawings of each piece. These were used to make maps showing the exact location of each artifact before it was removed. The maps also would be used to show vertical and horizontal differences in the site.

Lab Work
Each artifact was given a number and its location and orientation in the soil was recorded. After the artifacts were cataloged, they were removed from the site. Dr. Lum told the students that she would take the finds back to her lab. There, they would be cleaned, studied, and stored for future analysis.

Dr. Lum explained that chemical analyses of the pottery and tools would be used to determine the exact age of each piece. Based on her knowledge of the area, Dr. Lum thought that the site was at least several thousand years old.